tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-190680232024-03-05T03:13:01.367-08:00ARQUIMEDES EN LA TINAEspacio Para la Comunicación Pública de la Ciencia / Sábado 2 deAgosto, 2014.Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comBlogger175125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-49193354199822182312014-08-02T14:54:00.001-07:002014-08-02T14:54:52.766-07:00CÉLULAS NERVIOSAS SE TRANSFORMAN EN DIENTES<h1 class="snews-article__headline" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Roboto, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 0.67em 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px;">
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<span style="font-size: 1rem; line-height: 24px;"><span style="color: blue;">UNEXPECTED STEM CELLS FACTORIES FOUND INSIDE TEETH</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">By Sarah C. P. Williams</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-size: 1rem;">Development is typically thought to be a one-way street. Stem cells produce cells that mature into specific types, such as the neurons and glia that compose nervous systems, but the reverse isn’t supposed to happen. Yet researchers have now discovered nervous system cells transforming back into stem cells in a very surprising place: inside teeth. This unexpected source of stem cells potentially offers scientists a new starting point from which to grow human tissues for therapeutic or research purposes without using embryos.</span></div>
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“More than just applications within dentistry, this finding can have very broad implications,” says developmental biologist Igor Adameyko of the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm, who led the new work. “These stem cells could be used for regenerating cartilage and bone as well.”</div>
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Researchers knew that the soft “tooth pulp” in the center of teeth contained a small population of mesenchymal stem cells, the type of stem cell that can mature into teeth, bones, and cartilage. But no one had conclusively determined where these stem cells came from. Adameyko figured that if he could trace their development, he might be able to recreate the process in the lab, thereby offering a new way of growing stem cells for tissue regeneration.</div>
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He and his and colleagues were already studying glial cells, which support and surround neurons that wind through the mouth and gums and help transmit signals of pain from the teeth to the brain. When they added fluorescent labels to a set of glial cells in mice, they saw that over time, <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/nature13536.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e4376; text-decoration: none;">some of them migrated away from neurons in the gums toward the inside of teeth, where they transformed into mesenchymal stem cells</a>. Eventually, the same cells matured into tooth cells, the team reported this week in <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nature</em>.</div>
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Before this experiment, it was generally believed that nervous system cells could not revert back to a flexible stem cell state, so it was a surprise to see that process in action, Adameyko says. “Many people in the community were convinced … that one cell type couldn’t switch to the other,” he says. “But what we found is that the glial cells still very much maintain the capacity” to become stem cells. If researchers can learn which chemical cues in the teeth pulp signal glial cells to transform into mesenchymal stem cells, they could have a new way to grow stem cells in the lab, he adds.</div>
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“This is really exciting because it contradicts what the field had thought in terms of the origin of mesenchymal stem cells,” says developmental biologist Ophir Klein of the University of California, San Francisco, who was not involved in the new work. But it’s also just the first step in understanding the interplay between the different cell populations in the body, he adds. “Before we really put the nail in the coffin in terms of where mesenchymal stem cells are from, it’s important to confirm these findings with other techniques.” If that confirmation comes, though, a new source of stem cells for researchers will be invaluable, he says.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Posted in </span><span class="category-list-inline" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="http://news.sciencemag.org/category/biology" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #2e4376; text-decoration: none;">Biology</a></span></div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-87638335521726521432014-07-19T13:38:00.002-07:002014-07-19T13:38:35.035-07:00LA CAJA DE PANDORA<br />
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<b style="color: #bfbfbf; font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 13px; letter-spacing: 0px;"> VIROLOGY</b></div>
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<b style="color: #323333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0px;"> Opening Pandora's Box</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 15px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><span style="font-size: 10px; letter-spacing: 0px;"><b> <a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Caroline+Ash&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Caroline Ash</a></b></span></span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b> </b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> The first woman on Earth, Pandora, had a “box,” or rather a jar, that Zeus commanded her to safeguard and never open. Of course she opened it, and thus evil spread around the world. Recently, an extraordinarily distinctive group of giant viruses that parasitize amoebas were described and named Pandoravirus, not because they contain all evil but merely because they are jar-shaped. Le gendre et al. have added to this still-tiny pantheon with another jar-shaped viral particle 1.5 µm long, containing a rather diminutive 600-kb AT-rich genome (as compared to the up to 2.8-Mb genome seen in Pandoraviruses) and a cytoplasmic replication machinery resembling that of the original Megaviridae. The authors named the virus Pithovirus because Pandora's jar was called a “pithos” in ancient Greek. This virus was revived from a Siberian permafrost sample and infects amoebas. Although named for the jar and not its contents, given its origins, this discovery hints that viruses more evil than Pithovirus might be revived as the tundra melts. </span></div>
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</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Science 7 March 2014 Editor Choice: Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. <b>111</b>, 10.1073/pnas.1320670111 (2014).</span></div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-64392072549645129852014-07-08T11:25:00.001-07:002014-07-08T11:41:20.291-07:00MAÍZ TRANSGÉNICO DIVIDE A MÉXICO<span style="font-size: large;"><b>GM maize splits Mexico</b></span><i><br />Legal challenge to transgenic crops has created a rift in the country’s scientific community.</i><br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Laura Vargas-Parada</span><br />
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<span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Maize is central to Mexican cuisine, culture and economy, but the
formerly self-sufficient country now imports about one-third of its
supply.</span></span></div>
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The Mexican scientific community has been torn apart by a legal battle over transgenic maize (corn). Almost a year after activists challenged scientists’ right to plant experimental genetically modified (GM) varieties of the crop that is a staple and symbol of Mexico, maize research is still being stymied by a legal stalemate.<br />
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On 5 July 2013, a coalition of activist groups filed a class-action lawsuit to stop the Mexican government granting permits to plant GM maize. That September, a judge ordered a halt to experimental and commercial planting until a final verdict is reached — a resolution that could take months or years.<br />
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The lawsuit and ruling have thwarted the plans of multinational companies such as Monsanto, DuPont Pioneer and Dow AgroSciences, which have lobbied for more than a decade to sell their GM maize varieties to Mexican farmers. But they have also stalled public-sector biotechnology researchers who say they are close to producing GM maize strains tolerant to drought and frost, and other varieties with a reduced need for herbicides and fertilizers. These researchers complain that the lawsuit threatens to derail work that could boost maize yields, reduce imports and help to protect against threats such as climate change.<br />
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“We are very frustrated, and there is a general sense of despair,” says Beatriz Xoconostle, a plant biotechnologist at the Center for Research and Advanced Studies (Cinvestav) in Mexico City who leads a project to develop drought-tolerant GM maize. “We have been unable to accomplish our objectives.”<br />
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Mexico has neither embraced GM technology nor run from it. In 2010, the agriculture and environment ministries authorized commercial planting of GM cotton, and approval for transgenic soya beans followed two years later. By 2013, the country was growing 100,000 hectares of engineered crops — more than any European nation except Spain, although much less than Brazil and Argentina.<br />
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But in Mexico, the question of government approval — and public
acceptance — of GM maize is much more sensitive. Fears were stoked in
2001, after researchers at the University of California, Berkeley,
reported that genetic material from GM maize had flowed into local
populations of native maize cultivars (<a href="http://dx.doi.org.wdg.biblio.udg.mx:2048/10.1038/35107068">D. Quist and I. H. Chapela <i>Nature</i> <b>414,</b> 541–543; 2001</a>). For years afterwards, even experimental plantings of GM maize were banned.<br />
In
2009, Monsanto, Dow and DuPont Pioneer were granted approval to grow GM
maize for research — as were some academic researchers (see <a href="http://www.nature.com.wdg.biblio.udg.mx:2048/news/gm-maize-splits-mexico-1.15493#map">‘Transgenic tussle’</a>).
But those programmes were halted again by the 2013 lawsuit, which was
spearheaded by agronomist Adelita San Vicente of the Seeds of Life
Foundation, a non-profit organization in Mexico City that opposes GM
crops. The suit claimed that transgenic maize threatens the biodiversity
of traditional varieties grown by subsistence farmers and smallholders
throughout Mexico.<br />
Mexico’s caution over the
introduction of GM maize reflects a deep desire to conserve genetic
diversity in a crop that is central to the nation’s identity. In the
United States, the vast majority of maize is grown to feed livestock and
produce ethanol fuel. But in Mexico, 82% of white maize is grown for
human consumption, often on small farms planted with traditional, rather
than commercial, varieties.<br />
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“The richness of genetic diversity of maize in Mexico is invaluable,”
says José Sarukhán, national coordinator of the National Commission for
Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), a government research
council created in 1992. Sarukhán and other ecologists at CONABIO worry
about gene flow from GM to native varieties, and that the wide adoption
of GM maize could displace them. They are also concerned that GM seed
producers might take legal action against small farmers whose seed ends
up containing transgenic material.<br />
“We are not
against transgenic maize, but want to raise awareness of the
implications of their use, and the consequences when they mix with local
varieties,” says CONABIO plant geneticist Francisca Acevedo.<br />
Once
self-sufficient, Mexico now imports about a third of its maize, most of
it from the United States. Scientists who oppose GM maize argue that
domestic production could be boosted with irrigation and infrastructure
projects, expanded agricultural-extension education programmes for
farmers and careful selection of hybrid seeds and native varieties.<br />
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<b><i>“We are very frustrated, and there is a general sense of despair.” </i></b></div>
<br />
But government
scientists, including Luis Herrera-Estrella, director of the National
Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity at Cinvestav, see biotechnology
as a crucial tool for restoring the country’s maize independence.
Xoconostle’s project, for example, seeks to develop drought-tolerant GM
maize that can also resist low temperatures. Using antisense RNA, she
and her team have modified the plant’s metabolism by inhibiting an
enzyme that destroys trehalose, a sugar involved in stress response. The
result, a variety called CIEA-9, requires only two-thirds of the water
needed by a normal plant. “This strategy is a way to save many of our
local maize varieties,” says Xoconostle.<br />
The
next stage of this research, and the last step required by Mexican law
before Xoconostle can apply for a permit for commercial planting, will
be to cultivate 4-hectare experimental plots of CIEA-9 to test
productivity. But the team will have to wait until a final decision has
been made on the lawsuit before they can go ahead.<br />
Other
government crop scientists have kept their research going by moving
their field trials to other countries. In November, Herrera-Estrella
obtained a permit to plant experimental plots in Argentina. He leads a
group developing transgenic maize and soya that require reduced amounts
of fertilizer and compete well against weeds. The transgenic plants work
by expressing a bacterial gene that codes for phosphite oxidoreductase,
an enzyme that transforms the soil mineral phosphite into phosphate,
which most plants need to grow and produce energy (<a href="http://dx.doi.org.wdg.biblio.udg.mx:2048/10.1038/nbt.2346">D. L. López-Arredondo and L. Herrera-Estrella <i>Nature Biotechnol.</i> <b>30,</b> 889–893; 2012</a>).<br />
In
Argentina, Herrera-Estrella says, regulatory requirements are “more
accessible, science-based and sensible”. In Mexico, more than 100
requirements must be fulfilled before a researcher can obtain a permit
for experimental planting; some, he says, make the process unaffordable.<br />
But
despite her frustration with the current planting moratorium,
Xoconostle does not see Mexico’s stringent policies as a problem. “I am
happy we have a strict law that regulates very precisely what we will
allow to be grown in Mexico,” she says.<br />
<dl class="citation"><dd class="doi">Nature 511, 16–17 (<time datetime="2014-07-03">03 July 2014</time>)<abbr title="Digital Object Identifier"> doi</abbr>:10.1038/511016a</dd></dl>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-14100407135763665262014-06-22T14:54:00.000-07:002014-06-22T14:54:19.552-07:00LOS MICROS SE COMEN EL ARTE DE LOS DAGERROTIPOS<br />
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>NEWS OF THE WEEK</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Portraits and Their Parasites</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Daguerreotypes may seem frozen in time, but their surfaces are living landscapes. Popular in the mid-19th century, daguerreotypes were a precursor to photography created by layering silver on a copper plate and exposing it to light and various chemicals, often including gold. Many have become fuzzy or faded with time, and now researchers have discovered one reason why: Their surfaces are teeming with life. Fungi and various unidentified life forms eat and digest the metals, then excrete gold and silver nanoparticles that disfigure the image. The good news is that the precise mixture of life forms on an unidentified daguerreotype may offer clues to where it was made. And the parasites may even suggest new ways to manufacture nanoparticles through biological processes. <a href="http://scim.ag/daguerr"><span style="color: #2d6d8f; letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>http://scim.ag/daguerr</b></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Science 21 February 2014: Vol. 343 no. 6173 p. 824 DOI: 10.1126/science.343.6173.824</span></div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-15032882026956175752014-06-07T14:22:00.001-07:002014-06-07T14:22:32.914-07:00LA OREJA DE VAN GOGH<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>Van Gogh’s ‘Ear’ Is on Display</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A replica of Vincent van Gogh’s ear is sitting on display at a German art museum, but it’s not made out of plastic.</span><span style="color: #ae1916; letter-spacing: 0.0px;"> <a href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-van-gogh-ear-20140604-story.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">The body part was created from actual cells and DNA</span></a> </span><span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">obtained from the great-great-grandson of the artist’s brother, the <i>Los Angeles Times</i> reports. Diemut Strebe, a biodesigner who often works on art pieces that cross over with science, grew the material at a hospital and then used a 3D printer to print the cells into an ear shape.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Source: <a href="http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-van-gogh-ear-20140604-story.html"><span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">Los Angeles Times</span></a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Science 5 Jun 2014</span></div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-59181961588253107942014-06-01T17:13:00.000-07:002014-06-01T17:13:14.370-07:00Illustration<br />
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Illustration</h2>
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Cortex in Metallic Pastels</h3>
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Greg Dunn and Brian Edwards, Greg Dunn Design, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Marty Saggese, Society for Neuroscience, Washington, D.C.; Tracy Bale, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; Rick Huganir, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland</div>
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With a Ph.D. in neuroscience and a love of Asian art, it may have been inevitable that Greg Dunn would combine them to create sparse, striking illustrations of the brain. “It was a perfect synthesis of my interests,” Dunn says.</div>
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<em>Cortex in Metallic Pastels</em> represents a stylized section of the cerebral cortex, in which axons, dendrites, and other features create a scene reminiscent of a copse of silver birch at twilight. An accurate depiction of a slice of cerebral cortex would be a confusing mess, Dunn says, so he thins out the forest of cells, revealing the delicate branching structure of each neuron.</div>
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Dunn blows pigments across the canvas to create the neurons and highlights some of them in gold leaf and palladium, a technique he is keen to develop further.</div>
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"My eventual goal is to start an art-science lab," he says. It would bring students of art and science together to develop new artistic techniques. He is already using lithography to give each neuron in his paintings a different angle of reflectance. "As you walk around, different neurons appear and disappear, so you can pack it with information," he says.</div>
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The painting was commissioned for the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine’s Brain Science Institute, but, Dunn says, “I want to be able to communicate with a wide swath of people.” He hopes that lay viewers will see how the branching structures of neurons mirror so many other natural structures, from river deltas to the roots of a tree. “I want to help people to appreciate the beauty of the brain.”</div>
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"It is just gorgeous," says judge Alisa Zapp Machalek. "The fact that science can be in an art museum is something we want to encourage."</div>
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Prints of Greg Dunn’s art, including this winning painting, are available at <a href="http://www.gregadunn.com/" style="color: #ee3322; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">www.gregadunn.com</a>.</div>
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Science 7 de Febrero 2014</div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-20582369478379195412014-04-15T13:48:00.002-07:002014-04-15T13:48:38.499-07:00JAMES LOVELOCK CIENTÍFICO INDEPENDIENTE<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #bfbfbf; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue'; font-size: 12px; letter-spacing: 0px;">NATURE | NEWS: Q&A </span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;">James Lovelock reflects on Gaia’s legacy</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><i>Scientist who features in an exhibition opening today in London, talks about Gaia, climate change and whether peer review is necessary.</i></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><a href="http://www.nature.com/news/james-lovelock-reflects-on-gaia-s-legacy-1.15017?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20140415#auth-1">Philip Ball<span style="color: #ee3322; letter-spacing: 0px;"></span></a></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A new exhibition at the Science Museum in London features the personal archives of one of the most influential modern scientists; James Lovelock. ‘<i>Unlocking Lovelock: Scientist, Inventor, Maverick</i>’ tells the story of the British scientist’s work in medicine, environmental science and planetary science, and displays documents ranging from childhood stories, doodle-strewn lab notebooks and patents to letters from dignitaries such as former UK prime minister (and chemist) Margaret Thatcher. Also included are several of Lovelock’s inventions, such as the electron-capture detector that enabled the measuring of ozone-destroying chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere in the 1970s.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Lovelock, born in 1919, is best known for the ‘Gaia hypothesis’, which proposes that the Earth functions as a self-regulating system, similar to a living organism. The idea sparked controversy when Lovelock and microbiologist Lynn Margulis proposed it in the 1970s, but environmental and Earth scientists now accept many of its basic principles. In 2006, his book <i>The Revenge of Gaia </i>predicted disastrous effects from climate change within just a few decades, writing that “only a handful of the teeming billions now alive will survive”.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">This week Lovelock spoke to <i>Nature</i> about his career, his earlier predictions and his new book, <i>A Rough Ride to the Future </i>(<a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v508/n7494/full/508041a.html"><span style="color: #ee3322; letter-spacing: 0.0px;">reviewed last week in <i>Nature</i></span></a>).</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Is climate change going to be less extreme than you previously thought?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><i>The Revenge of Gaia</i> was over the top, but we were all so taken in by the perfect correlation between temperature and CO2 in the ice-core analyses [from the ice-sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, studied since the 1980s]. You could draw a straight line relating temperature and CO2, and it was such a temptation for everyone to say, “Well, with CO2 rising we can say in such and such a year it will be this hot.” It was a mistake we all made.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">We shouldn’t have forgotten that the system has a lot of inertia and we’re not going to shift it very quickly. The thing we’ve all forgotten is the heat storage of the ocean — it’s a thousand times greater than the atmosphere and the surface. You can’t change that very rapidly.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">But being an independent scientist, it is much easier to say you made a mistake than if you are a government department or an employee or anything like that.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">So what will the next 100 years look like?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">That’s impossible to answer. All I can say is that it will be nowhere as near as bad as the worst-case scenario.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Are you still pessimistic about the prospect of finding a political solution to climate change?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Absolutely.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">In your latest book you advocate not trying to halt climate change but exercising what you call a sustainable retreat. Why is that?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I think it is the better approach. To rush ahead and advance is very much the Napoleonic approach to battle. It is far better to think about how we can protect ourselves. If we’re going to do any good, we should be making more effort to keep our own home a suitable place to live in for the future than desperately trying to save somewhere remote. This is particularly true of Britain. We nearly died in the Second World War for lack of food. Our agricultural production hasn’t gone up enough to supply today’s population with what we would need. This is something we should be looking at carefully, not just applying guesswork and hoping for the best.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Will nuclear energy be part of the future, despite the Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">The business with Fukushima is a joke. Well, it’s not a joke, it is very serious — how could we have been misled by anything like that? Twenty-six thousand people were killed by the magnitude-9 earthquake and tsunami [that caused the nuclear meltdown], and how many are known to have been killed by the nuclear accident? None.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">[On the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, Lovelock writes in <i>A Rough Ride to the Future</i>: “The most amazing lies were told, still are told and widely believed… Despite at least three investigations by reputable physicians, there has been no measurable increase in deaths across Eastern Europe.”]</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A lot of investment in green technology has been a giant scam, if well intentioned.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Do you feel vindicated about the way many of the ideas in the Gaia hypothesis have now been accepted by Earth-systems scientists?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">I think it is a matter of scientific politics. In practice, most of the senior biologists I encountered in later times had no problem with the notion at all. But they fought bitterly at first. It was very funny to talk with John Maynard Smith, Bill Hamilton and Robert May [eminent evolutionary and population biologists], and to discover that none of them had read any of my books or papers — they were judging the idea by what their students told them.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Was some of that criticism helpful?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">In the early stages it wasn’t. And on the geology side it was something quite different — the tendency of some geologists to keep their heads in the sediments is very strong, and they won’t shift it. I’m very intrigued by the latest attempt to resuscitate the idea that all of climate regulation is done by rock weathering. The geologists keep on ignoring the bacteria.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">A 1984 rejection letter from <i>Nature </i>of your paper outlining the Gaia hypothesis is displayed in the exhibition. What do you think of peer review — is it necessary?</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Well, as far as I’m concerned, I don’t have any peer review. But I don’t think it is practical to get rid of it. For run-of-the-mill papers, say if somebody comes up with a really neat method for analysing some component of urine or that kind of thing, it is important to keep it. But not on larger topics.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Nature doi:10.1038/nature.2014.15017</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">09 April 2014</span></div>
<br />Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-73018808023237289782014-04-12T16:20:00.000-07:002014-04-12T16:20:08.861-07:00MOSQUITA LISTA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<li class="contributor" id="contrib-1" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Florian+T.+Muijres&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">Florian T. Muijres</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6180/172.full#aff-1" id="xref-aff-1-1" style="border: 0px; color: #2e6d8f; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0em;">1</span></a>, </li>
<li class="contributor" id="contrib-2" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Michael+J.+Elzinga&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">Michael J. Elzinga</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6180/172.full#aff-1" id="xref-aff-1-2" style="border: 0px; color: #2e6d8f; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0em;">1</span></a>, </li>
<li class="contributor" id="contrib-3" itemprop="author" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="name" itemprop="name" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Johan+M.+Melis&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">Johan M. Melis</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6180/172.full#aff-1" id="xref-aff-1-3" style="border: 0px; color: #2e6d8f; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0em;">1</span></a><span class="xref-sep" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;">,</span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6180/172.full#aff-2" id="xref-aff-2-1" style="border: 0px; color: #2e6d8f; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0em;">2</span></a>,</li>
<li class="last" id="contrib-4" style="border: 0px; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 1.7; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="name" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="name-search" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Michael+H.+Dickinson&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: 0px; white-space: nowrap;">Michael H. Dickinson</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6180/172.full#aff-1" id="xref-aff-1-4" style="border: 0px; color: #2e6d8f; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-style: inherit; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0em;">1</span></a><span class="xref-sep" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;">,</span><a class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/content/344/6180/172.full#corresp-1" id="xref-corresp-1-1" style="border: 0px; color: #2e6d8f; font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-style: inherit; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super;">*</a></li>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0px;"><b>Avoiding predators is an essential behavior in which animals must quickly transform sensory cues into evasive actions. Sensory reflexes are particularly fast in flying insects such as flies, but the means by which they evade aerial predators is not known. Using high-speed videography and automated tracking of flies in combination with aerodynamic measurements on flapping robots, we show that flying flies react to looming stimuli with directed banked turns. The maneuver consists of a rapid body rotation followed immediately by an active counter-rotation and is enacted by remarkably subtle changes in wing motion. These evasive maneuvers of flies are substantially faster than steering maneuvers measured previously and indicate the existence of sensory-motor circuitry that can reorient the fly’s flight path within a few wingbeats.</b></span></div>
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<cite style="border: 0px; display: block; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: normal; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"><abbr class="slug-jnl-abbrev" style="border: 0px; cursor: help; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: italic; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Science">Science</abbr><span class="slug-pub-date" itemprop="datePublished" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;"> 11 April 2014: </span><br /><span class="slug-vol" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">Vol. 344 </span><span class="slug-issue" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">no. 6180 </span><span class="slug-pages" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;">pp. 172-177 </span><br />DOI: <span class="slug-doi" style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline;" title="10.1126/science.1248955">10.1126/science.1248955</span></cite></div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-27454973744489875172014-03-29T14:35:00.000-07:002014-03-29T14:35:37.084-07:00ENDOCRINOLOGY<div style="color: #323333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande'; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 2px; text-align: center;">
<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b>It's in Her Eyes</b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><b></b></span><br /></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px; text-decoration: underline;"><b><a href="http://www.sciencemag.org/search?author1=Beverly+A.+Purnell&sortspec=date&submit=Submit">Beverly A. Purnell</a></b></span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Crustaceans go through pubertal molt to provide the animal with features that are distinct to adults. The androgenic gland hormone (AGH) is important for male differentiation and secondary male characteristics. Females lack AGH, so are considered the default sex for development. Previous work has shown that when the eyestalk is ablated in the females of some crab species, mating and maternal care structures show defects; however, the animals are able to molt and develop into giant immature crabs. In studying the blue crab, <i>Callinectes sapidus</i>, Zmora et al. now show that the endocrine system and localized activity of a hormone termed crustacean female sex hormone (CFSH) from the eyestalk ganglia are involved in adult-specific development through the control of the pubertal-terminal molt. When CFSH is eliminated, the brooding features, which are important for mating and brooding large clutches, are abnormal. This work shows that the endrocrine system functions via a female-specific hormone for the development of adult morphological structures associated with female reproduction, i.e., for mating and brooding.</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;">Endocrinology 10.1210/en.2013-1603 (2013).</span></div>
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<span style="letter-spacing: 0.0px;"><i>In Science 3 Jan 2014</i></span></div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-17030908015333045952014-03-03T13:30:00.000-08:002014-03-03T13:30:39.493-08:00Striking the right balance with muscle control<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b>Modeling reveals how the central nervous system systematically chooses optimal muscle responses to maintain balance</b></div>
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<div class="content">
The central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain
and spinal cord, and coordinates all our bodily activities. One of the
functions of the CNS is to choose the most efficient muscle movements in
order to conserve energy and allow the body to move smoothly, and it is
believed that the CNS trains itself through experience to narrow down
the number of options. Fady Alnajjar and colleagues from the Intelligent
Behavior Control Unit of the RIKEN Brain Science Institute have now
modeled the behavior of muscles during balance tests to illustrate how
the human CNS trains itself to maintain balance<sup>1</sup>.</div>
<div class="content">
“Modeling
of the computational mechanisms between the CNS and muscle control,
which we call muscle synergy, is challenging,” explains Alnajjar. “Our
study concerns the muscle synergy behind basic motor skills, such as
maintaining balance, in healthy humans.”</div>
<div class="content">
Alnajjar’s
team developed a model of ‘muscle synergy’ by devising two novel
parameters: the synergy stability index (SSI), which measures the
similarities between muscle usage in repeated behaviors and therefore
the stability of the neural command, and the synergy coordination index,
which measures the overall size of the synergy space required to carry
out a movement and therefore the level of coordination between muscles.</div>
<div class="content">
The
researchers used these two parameters to measure the interactions
between the human CNS and muscles during balance tests. Eight
participants were asked to stand on a randomly moving platform, using
only their hips and ankles to maintain balance, with electrodes attached
to their major leg and back muscles. </div>
<div class="content">
Both
indices were found to successfully characterize the muscle synergy
associated with balance skill. “Participants with strong balancing
ability showed high SSI levels,” notes Alnajjar, “implying that their
CNSs were aware of the best muscle synergy for responding to balance
disturbances. Participants with low balancing ability had low SSI
levels. Also, good balancers used tightly coordinated muscles, resulting
in smoother movements.”</div>
<div class="content">
In each case, the CNS
appeared to search for a narrow muscle-synergy space of stable neural
commands and coordinated muscle reactions. In a second set of
experiments using the lowest scorers from round one, each person
completed five more sessions on the balance platform. The participants
showed significant improvement on completion, suggesting that with
training, the CNS can narrow its muscle-synergy space and thus improve
coordination.</div>
<div class="content">
Alnajjar hopes that an advanced
version of these indices could be used to develop therapies for
post-stroke motor function recovery as a means of creating targeted,
effective neuro-rehabilitation systems.</div>
<div class="content">
<br /></div>
<div class="content">
Como el cerebro escoge la respuesta muscular óptima para mantener el balance estético <a class="twitter-timeline-link" data-expanded-url="http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/research/7693.html#.UxTu_ebOllQ.twitter" dir="ltr" href="http://t.co/NorpTTULiG" rel="nofollow" target="_blank" title="http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/research/7693.html#.UxTu_ebOllQ.twitter"><span class="tco-ellipsis"></span><span class="invisible">http://www.</span><span class="js-display-url">rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/research/7</span><span class="invisible">693.html#.UxTu_ebOllQ.twitter</span><span class="tco-ellipsis"><span class="invisible"> </span>…</span></a> <a class="twitter-timeline-link" data-pre-embedded="true" dir="ltr" href="http://t.co/D9ReAJunUs">pic.twitter.com/D9ReAJunUs</a> </div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-18442982189479266232014-02-08T14:07:00.000-08:002014-02-08T14:07:08.164-08:00<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">El sexo y la pulga de arena</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #37404e; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">Las pulgas de arena <i>Tunga penetrans</i> pasan la mitad de su vida en la tierra y la otra mitad en un una forma de vida, como por ejemplo un pie humano. Las infestaciones - en América del Sur y África subsahariana - </span><span class="text_exposed_show" style="color: #37404e; display: inline; font-family: 'lucida grande', tahoma, verdana, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px;">pueden producir una condición dolorosa llamada tungiasis que hace que sea difícil caminar y puede conducir a otras infecciones. Pero la enfermedad ha causado escasa atención por parte de los médicos e investigadores que saben muy poco acerca del ciclo de vida de la criatura, incluso que cuando no está en el suelo tiene sexo y fertiliza sus huevos.<br /><br />Por eso, cuando Marlene Thielecke, estudiante de doctorado de la Universidad Charité de Berlín, estaba estudiando tungiasis en Madagascar, descubrió que ella misma alojaba al parásito, dejó que su propio cuerpo se convierta en un laboratorio para estudiar la criatura.<br /><br />La hembra inmadura se entierra en la piel de un hospedero a lo largo de 2 semanas, y se hincha hasta un máximo de 10 mm de diámetro. Pronto empieza expulsar huevos, y muere después de 4 a 6 semanas. La única manera de deshacerse de los parásitos es sacarlos de la piel.<br /><br />Thielecke tomó fotografías regulares de su infestación. La pulga creció con normalidad, pero no estaba poniendo los huevos. Fue extraño - que todavía estaba vivo después de 2 meses (en ese momento ella la extrajo).<br /><br />La explicación más probable? La pulga nunca fue fertilizada, Thielecke y su tutor, experto en tungiasis, Hermann Feldmeier, llegaron a esa conclusión en un artículo publicado este mes. En la búsqueda de la pulga, Thielecke había tomado precauciones, usar calcetines y zapatos cerrados para protegerse de otras pulgas, incluyendo potencialmente la fertilización de los machos. Esto sugiere una respuesta al enigma de que las pulgas son fertilizadas después de que se incrustan en la piel . <a href="http://scim.ag/fleafert" rel="nofollow nofollow" style="color: #3b5998; cursor: pointer; text-decoration: none;" target="_blank">http://scim.ag/fleafert</a></span></span>Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-36811227265465604352014-02-08T13:00:00.000-08:002014-02-08T13:00:01.212-08:00AMOR EN LA PIEL<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-6277717018857526782014-01-28T13:41:00.000-08:002014-01-28T13:41:11.181-08:00QUE SIEMPRE NO EXISTEN LOS HOYOS NEGROS<h1 class="article-heading">
<span style="font-size: large;">Stephen Hawking: 'There are no black holes'</span></h1>
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<span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;">Artist's impression VICTOR HABBICK VISIONS/SPL/Getty</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">The
defining characteristic of a black hole may have to give, if the two
pillars of modern physics — general relativity and quantum theory — are
both correct.</span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i>Notion of an 'event horizon', from which nothing can escape, is incompatible with quantum theory, physicist claims.</i></div>
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</i></div>
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<span class="vcard"><a class="fn" data-popup-width="estimate" href="http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20140128#auth-1">Zeeya Merali</a></span>
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<div class="pubdate-and-corrections">
<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""></time><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Most physicists foolhardy enough to write a paper claiming that “there
are no black holes” — at least not in the sense we usually imagine —
would probably be dismissed as cranks. But when the call to redefine
these cosmic crunchers comes from Stephen Hawking, it’s worth taking
notice. In a paper posted online, the physicist, based at the University
of Cambridge, UK, and one of the creators of modern black-hole theory,
does away with the notion of an event horizon, the invisible boundary
thought to shroud every black hole, beyond which nothing, not even
light, can escape. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In its stead, Hawking’s radical proposal is a much more benign “apparent
horizon”, which only temporarily holds matter and energy prisoner
before eventually releasing them, albeit in a more garbled form. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“There is no escape from a black hole in classical theory,” Hawking told <i>Nature</i>.
Quantum theory, however, “enables energy and information to escape from
a black hole”. A full explanation of the process, the physicist admits,
would require a theory that successfully merges gravity with the other
fundamental forces of nature. But that is a goal that has eluded
physicists for nearly a century. “The correct treatment,” Hawking says,
“remains a mystery.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hawking <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5761">posted his paper on the arXiv</a> preprint server on 22 January<sup><a class="ref-link" href="http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20140128#b1" id="ref-link-1" title="Hawking, S. W. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5761 (2014).">1</a></sup>.
He titled it, whimsically, 'Information preservation and weather
forecasting for black holes', and it has yet to pass peer review. The
paper was based on a talk he gave via Skype at a meeting at the Kavli
Institute for Theoretical Physics in Santa Barbara, California, in
August 2013 (<a href="http://online.kitp.ucsb.edu/online/fuzzorfire_m13/hawking/">watch video of the talk</a>).</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
Fire fighting</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hawking's
new work is an attempt to solve what is known as the black-hole
firewall paradox, which has been vexing physicists for almost two years,
after it was discovered by theoretical physicist Joseph Polchinski of
the Kavli Institute and his colleagues (see '<a href="http://www.nature.com/news/astrophysics-fire-in-the-hole-1.12726">Astrophysics: Fire in the hole!</a>').</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In
a thought experiment, the researchers asked what would happen to an
astronaut unlucky enough to fall into a black hole. Event horizons are
mathematically simple consequences of Einstein's general theory of
relativity that were first pointed out by the German astronomer Karl
Schwarzschild <a href="http://alberteinstein.info/vufind1/Record/EAR000006266">in a letter he wrote to Einstein</a>
in late 1915, less than a month after the publication of the theory. In
that picture, physicists had long assumed, the astronaut would happily
pass through the event horizon, unaware of his or her impending doom,
before gradually being pulled inwards — stretched out along the way,
like spaghetti — and eventually crushed at the 'singularity', the black
hole’s hypothetical infinitely dense core.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
But on analysing the situation in detail, Polchinski’s team came to
the startling realization that the laws of quantum mechanics, which
govern particles on small scales, change the situation completely.
Quantum theory, they said, dictates that the event horizon must actually
be transformed into a highly energetic region, or 'firewall', that
would burn the astronaut to a crisp.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
This was
alarming because, although the firewall obeyed quantum rules, it flouted
Einstein’s general theory of relativity. According to that theory,
someone in free fall should perceive the laws of physics as being
identical everywhere in the Universe — whether they are falling into a
black hole or floating in empty intergalactic space. As far as Einstein
is concerned, the event horizon should be an unremarkable place.</div>
<h2 style="text-align: justify;">
Beyond the horizon</h2>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Now
Hawking proposes a third, tantalizingly simple, option. Quantum
mechanics and general relativity remain intact, but black holes simply
do not have an event horizon to catch fire. The key to his claim is that
quantum effects around the black hole cause space-time to fluctuate too
wildly for a sharp boundary surface to exist.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In
place of the event horizon, Hawking invokes an “apparent horizon”, a
surface along which light rays attempting to rush away from the black
hole’s core will be suspended. In general relativity, for an unchanging
black hole, these two horizons are identical, because light trying to
escape from inside a black hole can reach only as far as the event
horizon and will be held there, as though stuck on a treadmill. However,
the two horizons can, in principle, be distinguished. If more matter
gets swallowed by the black hole, its event horizon will swell and grow
larger than the apparent horizon.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Conversely,
in the 1970s, Hawking also showed that black holes can slowly shrink,
spewing out 'Hawking radiation'. In that case, the event horizon would,
in theory, become smaller than the apparent horizon. Hawking’s new
suggestion is that the apparent horizon is the real boundary. “The
absence of event horizons means that there are no black holes — in the
sense of regimes from which light can't escape to infinity,” Hawking
writes.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“The picture Hawking gives sounds
reasonable,” says Don Page, a physicist and expert on black holes at the
University of Alberta in Edmonton, Canada, who collaborated with
Hawking in the 1970s. “You could say that it is radical to propose
there’s no event horizon. But these are highly quantum conditions, and
there’s ambiguity about what space-time even is, let alone whether there
is a definite region that can be marked as an event horizon.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Although
Page accepts Hawking’s proposal that a black hole could exist without
an event horizon, he questions whether that alone is enough to get past
the firewall paradox. The presence of even an ephemeral apparent
horizon, he cautions, could well cause the same problems as does an
event horizon.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Unlike the event horizon, the
apparent horizon can eventually dissolve. Page notes that Hawking is
opening the door to a scenario so extreme “that anything in principle
can get out of a black hole”. Although Hawking does not specify in his
paper exactly how an apparent horizon would disappear, Page speculates
that when it has shrunk to a certain size, at which the effects of both
quantum mechanics and gravity combine, it is plausible that it could
vanish. At that point, whatever was once trapped within the black hole
would be released (although not in good shape).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
If
Hawking is correct, there could even be no singularity at the core of
the black hole. Instead, matter would be only temporarily held behind
the apparent horizon, which would gradually move inward owing to the
pull of the black hole, but would never quite crunch down to the centre.
Information about this matter would not destroyed, but would be highly
scrambled so that, as it is released through Hawking radiation, it would
be in a vastly different form, making it almost impossible to work out
what the swallowed objects once were.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
“It
would be worse than trying to reconstruct a book that you burned from
its ashes,” says Page. In his paper, Hawking compares it to trying to
forecast the weather ahead of time: in theory it is possible, but in
practice it is too difficult to do with much accuracy.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Polchinski,
however, is sceptical that black holes without an event horizon could
exist in nature. The kind of violent fluctuations needed to erase it are
too rare in the Universe, he says. “In Einstein’s gravity, the
black-hole horizon is not so different from any other part of space,”
says Polchinski. “We never see space-time fluctuate in our own
neighbourhood: it is just too rare on large scales.”</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Raphael
Bousso, a theoretical physicist at the University of California,
Berkeley, and a former student of Hawking's, says that this latest
contribution highlights how “abhorrent” physicists find the potential
existence of firewalls. However, he is also cautious about Hawking’s
solution. “The idea that there are no points from which you cannot
escape a black hole is in some ways an even more radical and problematic
suggestion than the existence of firewalls,” he says. "But the fact
that we’re still discussing such questions 40 years after Hawking’s
first papers on black holes and information is testament to their
enormous significance."</div>
</div>
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<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgarMHM-lqo84_i5oaFRAsO2XXqsXh6sd0_icef7foiCAICUPqudYUvcPesvXkryINROsNMdpPVb7-qNBtuDURNg7C5p44UuVzndPWnU67ZRvk56xMxOb6L8fLt0TgnejNo7ovLjA/s1600/web.PHOTOSHOT-ZB2801_225344_0007.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgarMHM-lqo84_i5oaFRAsO2XXqsXh6sd0_icef7foiCAICUPqudYUvcPesvXkryINROsNMdpPVb7-qNBtuDURNg7C5p44UuVzndPWnU67ZRvk56xMxOb6L8fLt0TgnejNo7ovLjA/s1600/web.PHOTOSHOT-ZB2801_225344_0007.jpg" /></a></div>
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<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></div>
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<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></div>
<div class="pubdate-and-corrections">
<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></div>
<div class="pubdate-and-corrections">
<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""><span style="color: #999999;">“There is no escape from a black hole in classical theory, but quantum theory enables energy and information to escape.”</span> </time></div>
<div class="pubdate-and-corrections">
<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></div>
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<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></div>
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<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></div>
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<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time><span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time></span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: xx-small;"><time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""> </time>Peter van den Berg/Photoshot</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #999999;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null">References</a></span></span><span style="font-size: x-small;">
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span class="vcard author"><span class="fn">Hawking, S. W.</span></span> Preprint at <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5761">http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5761</a> <span class="year">(2014)</span>.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: x-small;">
Hawking <a href="http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5761">posted his paper on the arXiv</a> preprint server on 22 January<sup><a class="ref-link" href="http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20140128#b1" title="Hawking, S. W. Preprint at http://arxiv.org/abs/1401.5761 (2014).">1</a></sup>… <a class="ref-return" href="http://www.nature.com/news/stephen-hawking-there-are-no-black-holes-1.14583?WT.ec_id=NEWS-20140128#ref-link-1" title="Return to this reference in the body text">in article</a></span></li>
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</span></section><span style="font-size: x-small;"><time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""></time></span></div>
<div class="pubdate-and-corrections">
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""></time></span><time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""></time><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #999999;"><span class="journal-title">Nature</span>
<span class="divider">|</span>
<span class="type">News</span></span>
<time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""></time><time datetime="2014-01-24" pubdate=""><span style="color: #999999;">24 January 2014</span></time></span></div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-27354642870296833822014-01-04T16:12:00.000-08:002014-01-04T16:12:09.733-08:00SER O NO SERESA ES LA CUESTIÓN<br />
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Portada de la revista Science del 18 de Octubre de 2013, que nos muestra la caleta completa encontrada en Dmisisi Georgia de un Homo de 1.77 millones de años de edad y que nos recuerda el origen de nuestra humanidad.</div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-85118915053665039652014-01-03T17:22:00.000-08:002014-01-03T17:22:17.648-08:00OTRA TIERRA Ó Mi OTRO YO<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><i style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Otra Tierra o Mi otro Yo (Mike Cahill 2011) </i></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><span style="font-family: Helvetica Neue, HelveticaNeue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14.40000057220459px; line-height: 22.80000114440918px;">Estupenda propuesta cinematográfica de </span><span style="font-size: 14px; line-height: 22px;">ciencia</span><span style="font-size: 14.40000057220459px; line-height: 22.80000114440918px;"> ficción, que propone la posibilidad de vidas alternas.</span></span></span></div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-28540028305150004902013-12-28T11:55:00.000-08:002013-12-28T11:55:56.936-08:00ERITROCITOS NAVIDEÑOS<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2DF4X_U2H68p7a6agSFv8JJ6cN2VYgfX6oxdydfFu6pIpyrJilMyRQX_B4TyAw0QqgcCU1jpZA84ewN2btY89c3O3YVyfnItjBGX_iYlTM4KylGfABAS6V2B1cDNP-I7ksUkzwg/s1600/DSC01834.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2DF4X_U2H68p7a6agSFv8JJ6cN2VYgfX6oxdydfFu6pIpyrJilMyRQX_B4TyAw0QqgcCU1jpZA84ewN2btY89c3O3YVyfnItjBGX_iYlTM4KylGfABAS6V2B1cDNP-I7ksUkzwg/s320/DSC01834.JPG" width="240" /></a></div>
<br />Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-71140742022986726002013-12-19T13:53:00.001-08:002013-12-19T13:53:42.197-08:00365 DÍAS EN LA CIENCIA EN 2013<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: arial, helvetica, 'MS Pゴシック', 'MS ゴシック', Osaka, 'MS PGothic', sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfO7Wqv5T2I1iCDc_HfvpSXCa7Y9NR9klHsDu5EBiEQGXxkB7JTP6nMoF3gh-ad5KyZWlAbUNS2VFtaTUtgXQfE-SEe70WlS1oqkUHhG54rrbf-vLDrH4lbVd0oWeiVEkZR5_vOA/s1600/01_PIA17172.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #cccccc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfO7Wqv5T2I1iCDc_HfvpSXCa7Y9NR9klHsDu5EBiEQGXxkB7JTP6nMoF3gh-ad5KyZWlAbUNS2VFtaTUtgXQfE-SEe70WlS1oqkUHhG54rrbf-vLDrH4lbVd0oWeiVEkZR5_vOA/s320/01_PIA17172.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #444444;">FAR OUT</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #444444;">Peer carefully at the lower right of this image and you might just spot the tiny dot that is Earth, seen from more than a billion kilometres away. This vista of Saturn’s famous rings backlit by the Sun was assembled from 141 individual images taken by NASA’s Cassini probe after it moved into Saturn’s shadow in July.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigqHex2BEdlNimRXuY5MyDqGH3UMeCj3fKA8KaJEWdKv5RGnwuTv5GwYSf-wZHm82_KmLYxYzMOnP-ESsNDlRqUkXVq5VGAueqMRT6pX45Eae5p4TA0YeGIwAYnSss_-iue4aj3w/s1600/02_HIRES_MG_7083-F.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #cccccc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigqHex2BEdlNimRXuY5MyDqGH3UMeCj3fKA8KaJEWdKv5RGnwuTv5GwYSf-wZHm82_KmLYxYzMOnP-ESsNDlRqUkXVq5VGAueqMRT6pX45Eae5p4TA0YeGIwAYnSss_-iue4aj3w/s320/02_HIRES_MG_7083-F.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #444444;">FIRE IN THE SKY</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #444444;">This huge fireball was created by the largest meteor known to hit Earth since the Tunguska rock landed in 1908. Russia was once again the unlucky recipient: the meteor exploded some 30 kilometres above Chelyabinsk in the Urals and shone brighter than the Sun.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH6l6bE2zc0tiMFzNieGs1jb4c7krilHV8BitwIxRJM4d5hZwTQCTq1MpKuj28_niE8hCwurXt56gKFfagGKyaN7UMGQHBUUgP1mE_kWFZZDkxc6bC5kh2N8UJScPx5X4IyMQtWQ/s1600/13_HIGH-RES_eagle-whisperer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #cccccc; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="color: #444444;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH6l6bE2zc0tiMFzNieGs1jb4c7krilHV8BitwIxRJM4d5hZwTQCTq1MpKuj28_niE8hCwurXt56gKFfagGKyaN7UMGQHBUUgP1mE_kWFZZDkxc6bC5kh2N8UJScPx5X4IyMQtWQ/s320/13_HIGH-RES_eagle-whisperer.jpg" width="320" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc;"><span style="color: #444444;">BONUS ONLINE-ONLY EDITORS’ CHOICE</span></span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: #cccccc; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;"><span style="color: #444444;">Although this image didn’t make our end-of-year print piece, it captivated our selection team. It shows Terry Headley, a volunteer with the University of Minnesota Raptor Center, rescuing an injured bald eagle in April.</span></span></h2>
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365 days: Images of the year http://www.nature.com/news/365-days-images-of-the-year-1.14303</div>
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-84071791822694541782013-11-29T11:18:00.001-08:002013-11-29T11:18:34.910-08:00LA PAUSA QUE REFRESCA LA MEMORIACiertos sintomas de la esquizofrenia pueden surgir de la activación incontrolada de neuronas que ayudan a construir recuerdos durante los períodos de descanso.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieV_ZAMlGu1esBZ0k3JLcbKfJ2WlZiayiqDCUMDsVWlMjh-lA8blGdyyV5SkEUzhuVf-ON7ikOmmIlbi4xCNFa6EshaRqBs7jAQ6MTwbEgFXlu0kCTDz6x4v-edndOgmcYglSR7g/s1600/hi_5943.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="225" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieV_ZAMlGu1esBZ0k3JLcbKfJ2WlZiayiqDCUMDsVWlMjh-lA8blGdyyV5SkEUzhuVf-ON7ikOmmIlbi4xCNFa6EshaRqBs7jAQ6MTwbEgFXlu0kCTDz6x4v-edndOgmcYglSR7g/s320/hi_5943.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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Mapa de la actividad neuronal durante el descanso, en ratones deficientes de calcineurina. Comparativamente, en los ratones normales, el mapa revela patrones de encendido de neuronal complejos, los cuales están ausentes en el modelo de esquizofrenia de ratón.</div>
<span style="font-size: xx-small;">© 2013 Susumu Tonegawa, RIKEN–MIT Center for Neural Circuit Genetics</span> <br />
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">http://www.rikenresearch.riken.jp/eng/research/7553.html</span> Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-55000909715586107932013-11-01T14:05:00.000-07:002013-11-01T14:06:58.925-07:00LAS BACTERIAS SABEN DEFENDERSE<span class="caption-title" style="border: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fighting invasion.</span><br />
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When viruses (green) attack bacteria, the bacteria respond with DNA-targeting defenses that biologists have learned to exploit for genetic engineering.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZBMkP0Fb9hIC0vvfRcvhDyDTmiZMSbkTIyXfKATi21feG7z7EfkG1Kvh9xenOa0UOUwPceOE5nUQ_MeTNB40xx13j3bWNFJBnFkKXhOywv2GGfH_zfnUKSBKeNuB40rqLwvPIg/s1600/F1.large.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhcZBMkP0Fb9hIC0vvfRcvhDyDTmiZMSbkTIyXfKATi21feG7z7EfkG1Kvh9xenOa0UOUwPceOE5nUQ_MeTNB40xx13j3bWNFJBnFkKXhOywv2GGfH_zfnUKSBKeNuB40rqLwvPIg/s320/F1.large.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px;"></span><q class="attrib" id="attrib-1" style="border: 0px; color: #888888; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: inherit; margin: 1em 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; quotes: ''; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">CREDIT: EYE OF SCIENCE/SCIENCE SOURCE</q><q class="attrib" id="attrib-1" style="border: 0px; color: #888888; display: block; font-family: 'Lucida Grande', arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; line-height: inherit; margin: 1em 0px 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; quotes: ''; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><abbr class="slug-jnl-abbrev" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333300; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Science">Science</abbr><span class="slug-pub-date" itemprop="datePublished" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333300; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;"> 23 August 2013: </span><span class="slug-vol" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333300; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">Vol. 341 </span><span class="slug-issue" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333300; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">no. 6148 </span><span class="slug-pages" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #333300; font-size: 12px; line-height: 15px; margin: 0px; outline-style: none; padding: 0px; text-align: start; vertical-align: baseline;">pp. 833-836</span></q></div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-15968461702660223112013-10-24T10:31:00.000-07:002013-10-24T10:36:11.236-07:00Brain decoding: Reading minds<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<h1 class="article-heading" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #990000;"><span style="font-size: small;">By scanning blobs of brain activity, scientists may be able to decode people's thoughts, their dreams and even their intentions.</span></span> </h1>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirCS-dohPiz-lKiTLqNJ1hMWXNZvL6Mz-JiE4JbpcG0w5V3uU_R3da_IxXxWw-KHNuh03H2UmV5m5bxHNumDXuw6v5DJSnekhXJkiqzUsdJlESPosvEpXDyrAbx9s5-vfLQQIyww/s1600/nature-brain.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirCS-dohPiz-lKiTLqNJ1hMWXNZvL6Mz-JiE4JbpcG0w5V3uU_R3da_IxXxWw-KHNuh03H2UmV5m5bxHNumDXuw6v5DJSnekhXJkiqzUsdJlESPosvEpXDyrAbx9s5-vfLQQIyww/s320/nature-brain.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<h1 class="article-heading" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;">Anne Hathaway's face appears in a clip from the film <i>Bride Wars</i>,
engaged in heated conversation with Kate Hudson. The algorithm
confidently labels them with the words 'woman' and 'talk', in large
type. Another clip appears — an underwater scene from a wildlife
documentary. The program struggles, and eventually offers 'whale' and
'swim' in a small, tentative font.</span></span></h1>
<h1 class="article-heading" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Brain decoding: Reading minds http://www.nature.com/news/brain-decoding-reading-minds-1.13989</span> </span></span></h1>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-13347726075846218242013-10-16T18:48:00.000-07:002013-10-16T19:19:05.128-07:00LA COL ROJA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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¿No es bella?</div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-38515253613005322082013-09-19T11:00:00.002-07:002013-09-19T11:05:34.954-07:00Progress stalled on coronavirus<div class="top-row">
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=19068023" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b><span style="color: #cccccc;"><span class="journal-title">Nature</span>
<span class="divider">|</span>
<span class="type">News</span></span></b>
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<b><span style="font-size: large;">Progress stalled on coronavirus</span></b></div>
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<div class="standfirst">
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<i>Lack of in-depth studies hampers efforts to identify source.<span class="vcard"> </span></i></div>
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<span class="vcard"> <a class="fn" data-popup-width="estimate" href="http://www.nature.com.wdg.biblio.udg.mx:2048/news/progress-stalled-on-coronavirus-1.13766#auth-1">Declan Butler</a> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPbatUcYL7DtN-dQvHPH6X3iUeaQRTkq1Xk0uA_HvXVwdFx3KX0zqbSuLmv44Dxi7w0_JaGGbI7mhOrc35v4BZWk_f_mSCDlvS8yEDwnu5_7Yfk9oywtevnSf5sGzWyTIt8acpMA/s1600/1.13766_74226373.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPbatUcYL7DtN-dQvHPH6X3iUeaQRTkq1Xk0uA_HvXVwdFx3KX0zqbSuLmv44Dxi7w0_JaGGbI7mhOrc35v4BZWk_f_mSCDlvS8yEDwnu5_7Yfk9oywtevnSf5sGzWyTIt8acpMA/s320/1.13766_74226373.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;">Possible infection with the MERS coronavirus, or a closely related virus, has been detected in camels.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="color: #cccccc;">Frank Krahmer/Getty</span></span></div>
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A year on from the first reported human case of infection with Middle
East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), the world still has
few answers to the most pressing question from a public-health
perspective: what is the source of the steady stream of new cases? Only
with this information can the outbreak be controlled.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There have so far been 114 confirmed cases of MERS-CoV infection, including 54 deaths, with another 34 suspected cases (see <a href="http://www.nature.com.wdg.biblio.udg.mx:2048/news/progress-stalled-on-coronavirus-1.13766#catching">‘Catching on’</a>).
All originated in the Arabian Peninsula, with most in Saudi Arabia and
others in Jordan, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Imported
cases have occurred in the United Kingdom, France, Italy and Tunisia.
The virus is thought to be an animal virus that sporadically jumps to
people — there are no signs yet that it can spread easily between
humans, although limited spread between people in close contact has been
seen.</div>
<span class="vcard"> </span></div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-61056974967434852912013-09-07T12:48:00.000-07:002013-09-07T12:51:06.128-07:00Genome-Wide Comparison of Medieval and Modern Mycobacterium leprae<h2>
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Lucida Grande, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 19px;">Five European individuals who lived during the Middle Ages provide a look backwards at leprosy</span></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Leprosy was endemic in Europe until the Middle Ages. Using DNA array capture, we have obtained
genome sequences of </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">Mycobacterium leprae </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">from skeletons of five medieval leprosy cases from the
United Kingdom, Sweden, and Denmark. In one case, the DNA was so well preserved that full de novo
assembly of the ancient bacterial genome could be achieved through shotgun sequencing alone.
The ancient </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">M. leprae </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">sequences were compared with those of 11 modern strains, representing
diverse genotypes and geographic origins. The comparisons revealed remarkable genomic conservation
during the past 1000 years, a European origin for leprosy in the Americas, and the presence of an
</span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">M. leprae </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">genotype in medieval Europe now commonly associated with the Middle East. The exceptional
preservation of </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">M. leprae </span><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: justify;">biomarkers, both DNA and mycolic acids, in ancient skeletons has major
implications for palaeomicrobiology and human pathogen evolution. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: x-small; font-style: oblique;">Science </span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: x-small; font-weight: 700;">341</span><span style="font-family: Helvetica; font-size: x-small;">, 179 (2013) </span></div>
Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-30286664377285122452013-09-04T12:53:00.003-07:002013-09-07T12:36:20.653-07:00Voyager's Not Gone Yet<h1 id="compilation-2-2-article-title-1">
<span style="font-size: large;">La Voyager aún en la Heliosfera</span></h1>
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Last summer, it looked like the Voyager 1
spacecraft might have finally reached its ultimate destination.
Thirty-five years
out from Earth and three times farther
from the sun than Pluto, the decrepit spacecraft reported a sharp drop
in plasma blowing
out from the sun and a sharp jump in
cosmic rays streaming in from out in the galaxy.
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But three papers published online this week in <em>Science</em>
conclude that Voyager 1 has not left the heliosphere—the sun's magnetic
bubble inflated by its blowing plasma—and entered
interstellar space. That's because Voyager
found no accompanying switch from the magnetic field spiraling out from
the sun
to the magnetic field of interstellar
space.
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Instead, Voyager
has discovered a hybrid part of the heliosphere lying between the
heliosphere proper and true interstellar
space. And nobody knows how far that
hybrid extends and when the spacecraft will actually make humankind's
first contact with
interstellar space. </div>
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<cite>Science. Volume 340, Number
6140, Issue of 28 June 2013</cite><br />
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Alfonso Islashttp://www.blogger.com/profile/11513406573878583700noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-19068023.post-3417297955867876052013-08-15T13:54:00.000-07:002013-08-15T16:02:45.505-07:00PLANETA ROSA<span style="font-size: large;">Astronomers image pink exoplanet</span><br />
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<span style="color: #323333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify;">A magenta exoplanet 17.5 parsecs from Earth is the lowest-mass planet that has ever been directly imaged orbiting a Sun-like star outside the Solar System, NASA announced last week. The Subaru Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, took pictures of the exoplanet GJ 504b at near-infrared wavelengths with the help of adaptive optics. GJ 504b is four times more massive than Jupiter and, with a surface temperature of 237 °C, still glows pink from its fiery birth 160 million years ago. The rosy planet (pictured in an artist’s impression) orbits the star GJ 504, which can be seen with the naked eye, in the constellation Virgo. With an orbiting radius 43.5 times Earth’s distance from the Sun, GJ 504b challenges current theories of how far away from stars large planets form. The findings will be published in </span><i style="color: #323333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify;">The Astrophysical Journal</i><span style="color: #323333; font-family: Arial; font-size: 14px; letter-spacing: 0px; text-align: justify;">.</span></div>
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